Flora and Fauna in Bulgaria

The vegetation of Bulgaria is agrarian and cultivated. The ligneous formations are dominant (about 27 % of Bulgaria s area): oak, Quercus frainetto, Sessile oak, beech, European hornbeam, Oriental sessile oak, Oriental beech, Scotch pine, Pinus nigra, Spruce fir, White fir.

The vegetation species totals about 12 400. The endemic species on the Balkan Peninsula number 285 - Haberlea rhodopensis, Ramonda serbica, Pinus peuce, Horse chestnut. The Bulgarian endemics number 270 species: in the Rhodope mountains - Lathraea rhodopaea, Rhodope violet, Rhodope lily; in Pirin mountains - Pirin fescue, Pirin sedge, Centaurea Achtarovii; in Slavyanka mountains - Centaurea parilica, Fritillana drenovskyi; in Rila mountains - Rila primrose, Rila rhubarb; in Middle Stara Planina - Stara Planina primrose.

Because of its geographical location, varied climate and geology, Bulgaria has a very rich flora, with over 3800 species of higher plants including Central European, Mediterranean, Pontic, Pannonian, Steppe and Oriental elements. Compared to other European countries, Bulgaria s flora boasts a relatively large percentage of endemics, with 170 endemic species and 100 endemic subspecies. The highest concentration of these are found in the Balkan Mountains (Stara Planina) and Rhodope (Rodopi) Mountains. As well as the vascular plants, the Bulgarian flora also comprises some 4000 species of algae, 670 species of mosses and 600 species of lichens. It is also interesting to mention here the great diversity of fungi species in Bulgaria.

At present, well over 5000 species of fungi, fungi-like species and slime-moulds have been recorded in Bulgaria. As with the flora, Bulgaria s faunistic richness results from a combination of climatic and geographical factors.

In terms of its diversity, Bulgaria s fauna ranks amongst the richest in Europe, and the country is thought to be home to almost one quarter of species so far found on the continent. Up to now, almost 30,000 species had been discovered in Bulgaria, but many experts believe that the final total is likely to about 56,000. So far, just under 800 species of vertebrates have been recorded with the remaining 97% made up of invertebrate species.

The fauna is characterized by a great variety of species. The Danubian plain is the habitat of Brown hare, wolf, European souslik, Field mouse, partridge, quail, Sinya garga, rook, etc.; the Danubian swamps and islands are the habitats of Dalmation pelican, Lopatarka, Glossy ibis, many species of herons and ducks, Pygmy cormorant, etc. Some species build their nests only in the Srebuma reserve.

In the woods one can find Wild boar, Roe deer; in Dobrudja - Bustards, Steppe polecat, Skachashta  mishka, hamster. In the beech forests of Stara Planina can be found Salamander, Hazel grouse, Dormouse; in the oak forests - Red deer, Roe deer, Badger, etc.; in the rocky regions - Rock partridge Chukar, Haidushka garga, in the Dzhendema reserve - Wild goat: rarely - bear.

The Rila-Rhodope region is inhabited by bear, wolf, Roe deer, Red deer, Fallow deer, Wild boar, Wild cat, Wild goat, fox, Capercaillie, Hazel grouse, Vulture, eagle, pheasant, Rock partridge, Brook trout, Common carp, Chub, etc. In the Thracian region - Orizishtna mishka, Ring-necked pheasant, Thracian rock partridge, etc.

Along the Black Sea can be found Pink pelican, Great cormorant, Recurvirostra avocetta, Black-necked stilt, Sea-gulls, etc., in the southernmost regions-jackal. The rivers, the lakes and the dams are inhabited by carp, sturgeon, perch, Spined loach, Balcan trout, pike, Sheat-fish, Ernys orbicularis. In the Black Sea - sturgeon, carp, Black Sea trout, Gray mullet, mackerel, etc., three species of dolphins and a seal (Belokoremen tyulen).

In Bulgaria mouflon, nutria, aurochs, Elen sika, Saimo irideus, Byal amur, Hypophthalmichtys molitrix, etc. have become acclimatized. There are good conditions for hunting.

Bulgarian Protected Territories

Bulgaria has a long tradition of nature conservation. Its first protected area, the "Silikosiya" reserve, was established in the Strandzha Mountains as early as 1931. Over the subsequent decades, a whole network of parks, reserves and protected territories has been established, and these now encompass some 5% of the country s territory. These include 3 National Parks, 10 Nature Parks, 55 “Strict” Nature Reserves, 35 “Maintained” Nature Reserves, 457 Natural Monuments and 175 Protected Sites.

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